Tag Archives: education

Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: The Lead the Change Interview with Daisy Salazar-Garza

In the fourth part of this month’s Lead the Change (LtC) interview, Daisy Salazar-Garza discusses her firsthand experience of the inequities in the public education system and the impact this has on students, families, and communities. Salazar-Garza is a Ph.D. student in the School of Educational Studies’ Urban Leadership Program at Claremont University. German is a recipient of the Student Travel Award from the Educational Change Special Interest Group (SIG) of the American Educational Research Association (AREA). The LtC series is produced by co-editors Dr. Soobin Choi and Dr. Jackie Pedota and their colleagues who lead the Ed Change SIG. A PDF of the fully formatted interview will be available on the LtC website.

Lead the Change (LtC): The 2026 AERA Annual Meeting theme is “Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: Constructing a New Vision for Educational Research.” This theme calls us to consider how to leverage our diverse knowledge and experiences to engage in futuring for education and education research, involving looking back to remember our histories so that we can look forward to imagine better futures. What steps are you taking, or do you plan to take, to heed this call? 

Daisy Salazar-Garza: The 2026 AERA theme, “Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: Constructing a New Vision for Education Research,” calls us to draw upon our diverse knowledge and lived experiences to engage in meaningful “futuring” for education. For me, as a Chicana educator, scholar, and first-generation doctoral student, this theme feels deeply personal. It is a call that echoes the lessons my family instilled in me from an early age.

My family, especially my father, taught me about life’s harsh realities and the beauty of resilience through the power of storytelling. Around family meals, during long drives, or in quiet moments on the porch, I listened to stories of our history—stories of struggle, perseverance, and hope. These narratives shaped my understanding of who I am and filled me with a deep sense of pride. They taught me to honor the strength passed down from my ancestors and to recognize that storytelling is not only an act of remembrance but also a tool for transformation.

This foundation shapes how I approach educational research. To truly “unforget” our histories, we must center the voices and stories that have been pushed to the margins. Leveraging our collective knowledge requires valuing the lived experiences of those most impacted by educational inequities. By empowering communities with a vested interest in the future of education, we can imagine possibilities rooted in justice, equity, and collective empowerment.

As I continue to heed the 2026 AERA theme, I draw upon this legacy of storytelling and historical remembrance to inform my work. Understanding the social, economic, political, and racial contexts that have shaped communities is essential to serving them authentically—honoring both their strengths and the systemic injustice they have endured. Through remembering and honoring these histories, we can envision and build educational spaces that celebrate our roots and uplift our voices. In doing so, we can cultivate a just and hopeful future that directly confronts the inequities we must transform. 

Source: Bank Street Graduate School of Education website

LtC: What are some key lessons that practitioners and scholars might take from your work to foster better educational systems for all students?

DSG:  Recently, I had the privilege of working with Dr. Osworth to co-author “Outward Portrayals of Equity: An Examination of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Los Angeles County School Districts.” In 2024, we collected data from 80 public school districts to assess the current state of DEI commitments in Los Angeles County districts.

From this work, several lessons emerge for practitioners and scholars in the field of Educational Change. First, our findings highlight the need to look beyond surface-level portrayals of equity and focus on how DEI policies are enacted in districts and schools. Value statements made toward DEI without creating infrastructure through policy to support the work does not address the racialized nature of the structures within school districts (Salazar-Garza & Osworth, 2026). Second, schools as organizational systems often reproduce existing inequities. Recognizing these structural patterns is the first step toward redesigning them. Ultimately, transformative change needs to occur at the systemic level to disrupt and dismantle entrenched systems of inequality (Salazar-Garza & Osworth, 2026). Finally, pairing enforcement mechanisms, such as culturally responsive teaching, with policy can contribute to conscious efforts to alter internal patterns of organizational inequity (Salazar-Garza & Osworth, 2026). 

Together, these insights emphasize that fostering educational change requires both reflective practice and systemic change. Equity efforts translate into improved student experiences and outcomes when we can redesign structures enacting patterns of inequity. 

LtC: What do you see the field of Educational Change heading, and where do you find hope for this field for the future?

DSG: As a scholar-practitioner, I believe the field of educational change is heading toward a deeper partnership with people who are the most affected by our current educational realities. By centering the voices of teachers, students, families, and communities, we can inspire real progress. Change comes when research and practice work go hand in hand to bridge the gap between theory and lived experience. 

Given the current polycrisis world we’re navigating, where social, economic, and environmental challenges continually intersect, I find hope in collaboration within the field of education (Virella, 2025). Dr. Virella’s Crisis as Catalyst: Equity-Oriented School Leadership During Difficult Times reminds me that even in moments of uncertainty, there is great potential for transformation. As a school principal who was interviewed and whose narrative is present in this research alongside numerous other school leaders, it is a reminder that practitioners are engaging in powerful practices that are meeting the needs of our present moment. It is also a call to action that we can study practices from the field, derive key lessons, and create frameworks that empower and sustain more educators across the field.

What gives me hope is seeing more educators and researchers approach their work not just as inquiry, but as partnership with students, families, communities. When our research centers humanity and lived experience, educational change can lead us toward a more just and human-centered system for all students.

References

Salazar-Garza,D. and Osworth, D. (2026) Outward portrayals of equity: an examination of diversity, equity, and inclusion in Los Angeles County school districts. Leadership in Education Racial Equity and the Organization: An Educational Change Call to Action. Frontiers in Education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1642675

Virella, P. M. (2025). Crisis as catalyst: Equity-oriented school leadership during difficult times. Harvard Education Press.

How innovations in school facilities can address climate change and support learning: Sustainability, students and schooling (Part 3)

What does it take to create more sustainable school facilities? In the third part to this series, Carter Hyde and Hannah Nguyen discuss some of the new developments in facilities and facilities management that schools across the country have implemented to conserve energy, cut costs, and support students’ learning and wellbeing. The first post explored the negative impact that climate change and related disruptions have on students, and the second post focused on how schools are making busing and other aspects of school transportation more sustainable.

This series is a part of IEN’s ongoing coverage of what is and is not changing in schools and education following the pandemic school closures. For more on the series, see “What can change in schools after the pandemic?”  For examples of micro-innovations in other areas, see Access to food and school meals in the US and around the world; Innovations in providing children with food and nutrition; Building Student Relationships Post-Pandemic in School and Beyond; Scanning the Post-COVID Challenges and Possibilities for Access to Colleges and Careers in the US ; New Pathways into Higher Education and the Working World? (Part 2)Tutoring takes off and Predictable challenges and possibilities for effective tutoring at scale.

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Environmental changes are contributing to disasters, crises, and day-to-day conditions that disrupt schooling, increase costs, and undermine students’ health and learning. Combatting these problems is profoundly complex, often requiring difficult trade-offs. Efforts to improve student health and learning environments may conflict with long-term sustainability goals and cost-effectiveness. These tradeoffs force school administrators to weigh the benefits of expensive structural upgrades against smaller, more affordable interventions. Despite the challenges, schools in the US and around the world are taking innovative steps that range from major infrastructure upgrades to homegrown, creative adjustments made by teachers in their classrooms.

A student from John McDonogh Senior High School’s first graduating class since Hurricane Katrina walks past a damaged wall on the way to commencement June 8, 2007, in New Orleans, LA, K12 Dive

Major Infrastructure Upgrades and Renewable Energy 

After salaries, energy represents a critical area for both reducing costs and addressing sustainability. In the US, energy bills make up the second highest cost for school districts, amounting to roughly 8 billion dollars per year. To address these significant expenses, many institutions are moving beyond reactive budgeting and toward strategic roadmaps that help schools set sustainability goals that are aligned with national sustainability targets. Schools can use these roadmaps to help reduce the schools’ energy and water consumption, waste, and greenhouse gas emissions. 

In addition to strategic budgeting, some schools are turning to high-impact technology to reduce energy costs and to promote sustainable practices. For instance, some schools are now putting in place geothermal wells because they offer a particularly sustainable way to heat and cool schools without burning fossil fuels. At the same time, some schools are turning to solar energy so that they can develop their own sources of energy. Though a costly up-front investment, solar panels can help reduce the electrification gap by providing a sustainable way to power schools that reduces costs over time and contributes to better air quality. 

Countries with large with large school electrification gaps tend to have high potential for solar power generation, UNESCO via Gem Statlink

Improving HVAC Systems and the Building “Envelope” 

Beyond energy sources, improvements to the school’s physical “envelope”—the walls, windows, and climate systems—can support student performance. Upgrading old HVAC systems, in particular, provides a way to cool classrooms and create better learning conditions at the some time. As one review of survey data from New York State schools showed, improving HVAC systems contributed to a 2% increase in attendance and a 3% increase in math scores over multiple years. Among other benefits, HVAC improvements can produce better air flow, which reduces the spread of disease and helps students focus. Improving air filtration through the use of air purifiers and portable air cleaners, can also help improve cognition and mitigate illness-related absences. 

At the same time, air conditioning alone is not always a sustainable solution, as these systems can expel hot air outdoors and contribute to global warming. As architect Francis Kere explains, “energy-intensive air conditioning, which expels hot air outdoors, contribute to global warming, which then fuels demand for more air conditioning.” Instead, Kere recommends using passive cooling techniques, such as overhanging roofs to improve air circulation and generate cross-ventilation.

A student leaves the secondary school building built by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Francis Kere, in Kere’s home village of Gando, Burkina Faso, The Japan Times via Reuters

Schools can also make improvements in the outdoor environment to address sustainability. For instance, planting trees on asphalt playgrounds can reduce temperatures through shading, and painting roofs white, adding vegetation of false ceilings, and creating more green spaces can reduce the “heat island” effect.

Balancing Lighting and Temperature

Lighting represents another area where schools need to consider potentially conflicting benefits. In a 2020 review of 130 studies, lighting was found to be one of the environmental factors that had the biggest impact on students’ learning and wellbeing. Maximizing the amount of natural light in classrooms, in particular, has been shown to have a number of benefits including reducing eye strain, boosting mood, and improving cognition. Although artificial lighting may lead to lower motivation and eye strain, research reviews highlight that students in classrooms with more natural light showed higher productivity, engagement, and attention level. Despite these benefits, some classrooms may still suffer from poor lighting or rely too heavily on  artificial sources. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that, in an effort to reduce energy consumption and costs, many schools have implemented LED lighting in classrooms. 

In addition to finding a balance that maximizes the benefits of natural lighting with the costs, schools have to take into account the fact that both too much direct sunlight and too little light can negatively impact student engagement and impair test scores. Furthermore, schools have to take into account mitigating factors, including structural limitations that prevent some classrooms from relying on daylight, as well as the increases in classroom temperature and energy costs that come with larger windows. One way to deal with these challenges is to use temperature-treated or double-paned glass to provide light while keeping the heat out. The use of window shades may also be useful in eliminating glare. 

Teachers’ Role in Sustainability

Whether or not schools have the resources for major structural changes or sustainability upgrades, teachers play a key role in striking the right balance between lighting and temperature and supporting both sustainability and an optimal learning environment. For instance, teachers have demonstrated a host of creative ways to combat heat and to improve the environment including using fans, creating window art to reduce glare, and turning off heat-generating electronics. In some cases, the simplest solutions may be the best solutions, as teachers in schools located in temperate regions with good air quality can open windows to allow for natural air flow.

Improving Facilities in “Old” Buildings

Along with so many natural disasters and rising temperatures, many communities face a long-standing demand to improve aging or inadequate school buildings. One of the most recent assessments of school infrastructure in the US shows that it would cost almost 200 billion dollars to bring all K-12 school buildings into good overall condition and the American Society of Civil Engineers gives the condition of America’s 100,000 public school buildings an overall grade of D+. Estimates suggest it would take as much as 85 billion dollars a year to make the needed improvements. On top of that, the costs of deferred maintenance continue to compound with every one million dollars worth of needed improvements deferred in one year leading to  $1.08 – 1.12 million in costs the following year.

In the US, the burden and responsibility for addressing this problem falls on individual school districts and communities, but many lack the resources to pay for the significant upfront costs of building new facilities. Some districts have tried to mitigate these costs – and the sustainability problems that new construction often produces – by repurposing older buildings. For instance, struggling malls have opened the doors to charter schools as tenants to use the empty spaces. One charter school in South Carolina opened up in a former JC Penny Store. In Massachusetts, instead of building a new high school, one district opted to co-locate a school in the community’s senior center. center down the road. 

Liberty STEAM Charter School in Sumter, S.C., is one of many schools that have opened up in malls across the nation, The New York Times

For more information regarding infrastructure and sustainability, see:  

Officials promised all NYC classrooms would get air conditioning. 1 in 5 still lack it. (ChalkBeat

Is your NYC school using the air purifiers that were distributed during COVID? (ChalkBeat) Why improving air quality in schools would minimize the threat of bird flu spread (ChalkBeat) California’s K-12 schools often lack sufficient shade and natural surfaces (UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs)

Measuring schoolyard heat one step at a time (UC Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences)

Alabama is Bringing Forests Into Schoolyards (Governing)

What Works and For Whom? Effectiveness and Efficiency of School CApital Investments Across the U.S. (Biasi, Lafortune, & Schonholzer)

‘A place for kids to play and a place to store water’: the stormwater capture zone that is also a playground (The Guardian)

NYC to install solar panels at 72 public schools by year’s end, helping kids learn about clean energy (Daily News)

What Will Districts Do With All Those Empty School Buildings? Some Look to Fill Them With Younger Kids (EdSurge)

Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: The Lead the Change Interview with Celina German

In the third part of this month’s Lead the Change (LtC) interview, Celina German discusses her experiences researching the intersection of community-based youth leadership, after-school club affinity programming, and student activism history. German is a Ph.D. student in the Learning, Literacies, and Technologies program at Arizona State University. German is a recipient of the Student Travel Award from the Educational Change Special Interest Group (SIG) of the American Educational Research Association (AREA). The LtC series is produced by co-editors Dr. Soobin Choi and Dr. Jackie Pedota and their colleagues who lead the Ed Change SIG. A PDF of the fully formatted interview will be available on the LtC website.

Lead the Change (LtC): The 2026 AERA Annual Meeting theme is “Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: Constructing a New Vision for Educational Research.” This theme calls us to consider how to leverage our diverse knowledge and experiences to engage in futuring for education and education research, involving looking back to remember our histories so that we can look forward to imagine better futures. What steps are you taking, or do you plan to take, to heed this call? 

Celina German: While working on my 2026 AERA submission, the notion of Sankofa (also visible in the conference logo) kept guiding me through the process. The Akan symbolism of a bird looking back and the word, literally translated as “go back and get,” made me think about what one returns to as part of the process of going forward. As a former high school English teacher and co-advisor of the Black Student Union, my heart also remembers all the great work that is part of the Summer Sankofa program at Arizona State University. My educational background informs the academics I want to participate in. 

Source: Arizona State University website

I carry into this work my identity as my family’s first and only birthright citizen. As I navigated the U.S. education system (PK12) as a Romanian-American, gender-question young woman, I saw the unhealthy relationship between whiteness, patriarchal logics, and academic achievement. To engage in coalition work, I deeply reflected (and continue to reflect) on what my positionality and actions say about liberation. My identity hung in the balance of being the only American in a family of naturalized and permanent residents, while at school, I was learning in real time my racialized identity and how others interpreted it. Growing up in southcentral Indiana around very few Romanians, I learned very quickly the gradation of whiteness and how multicultural spaces, like my swim team, filled with mostly first-generation American kids like me, were more accepting of me than most of my educational leaders. However, I thrived in leadership roles despite what adults expected of me. 

I bring this worldview to the interviews, research partnerships, and organizing efforts to 1) acknowledge how fraught multicultural coalitions’ history has been in America, and it is with the mindset to 2) recognize that futuring for education is rooted in trust and empathy. We don’t dream with abandon with those whom we are unsure of, and I try to speak with that honesty and humility in the liberation work I engage in. It is not always well-received, and I am constantly learning how to leverage the privilege I have to ensure that those I care about are heard. However, the first step I take is recognizing that all communities have tremendous privilege.

For those reasons, the critical race feminism and transnational frameworks I operate within were part of a journey of learning about my love for critical and real U.S. history (read: Black, Indigenous, Immigrant history). Still, I would not have gotten there alone without the multitude of college professors who engaged me with what I later learned was at the core of Black studies and Ethnic studies curricula. Therefore, the research I do, which I see as a labor of love, explores the history of antiracist educational activism. To better understand the problems we face today, I look back through high school yearbooks, archives, and oral histories to understand what the youth of the past did, attempted, and did not do to transform school structures.

LtC: What are some key lessons that practitioners and scholars might take from your work to foster better educational systems for all students?

CG:  Part of my intellectual commitments towards educational change is writing alongside folks whose genius deserves to be heard and recognized, whether in the academic canon or in community outlets. The good fight is happening in the Black Student Unions (BSU), where advisors are engaging in fugitive mentorship and young people are demanding more of their school sites through an art-based YPAR inquiry (German, Smith, Berard, & Wilkerson, 2026; German, Nguyen, Joyner, & Johnson, 2026). To foster better educational systems, listening to practitioners and students for their insights into school system leadership is crucial. 

In particular, young people in cultural affinity groups, such as BSU, M.E.Ch.A., or AAPISU, are extremely gifted in their critical consciousness of their leadership identities and in their understanding of the inner workings of school power dynamics. Expanding the definition of educational leaders to include student leaders of color, especially women of color, is the focus of my research. If young people are not part of that school-improvement feedback loop or act only as consultants, we are not engaging the school community that the administration aims to serve. Enacting changes because one is listening to young people in these elected roles is my vision of transformative school leadership. 

Part of how I listen is understanding how young people are mentored in out-of-school or after-school programming. I aim to explore how adults co-conspire with youth to bring about educational change. Therefore, I had the opportunity to examine systemic designs for the equity director role through job descriptions. Dr. Ishmael Miller and I researched how institutional logics shape the role of equity directors. Miller’s work reflected on the lived realities of Equity Directors, either through reflexive accounts or historical inquiry (Miller, 2026a); (Miller, 2026b). His work is inspiring me as I explore leadership historically through a review of high school yearbooks illustrating BSU activism. Learning more about non-traditional educational leaders has broadened my perspective on organizational change in community partnerships and out-of-school-time youth organizations.

Lastly, I explore the limits of qualitative methods, such as interviewing, to see where dialogue about educational change can occur across differing, layered identities. Dr. Franklin-Phipps and I are using art to speculate Black educational futures (German and Franklin-Phipps, 2026). Our art inquiry is not to resolve or reach consensus, but to embrace the change needed to keep framing hope when we see sites of Black suffering (Dumas & Ross, 2016). Expanding my methods has inspired me to push the limits of positionality and reflexivity while doing coalition work in the academy.  

LtC: What do you see the field of Educational Change heading, and where do you find hope for this field for the future?

CG: I find hope for educational change in young people’s responses to adult-led decisions. Whether a student responds in rage or profound patience, that hope compels me to muster the courage I have as an adult co-conspirator to reconcile what can be mended. I see how educational change is still addressing adultism and rewiring frameworks, so youth voice is not seen as performative. The roles of youth in elected leadership, such as school boards, serve as a weathervane of progress in some districts. I think seeing young people presenting at AERA is expanding the horizons of YPAR research.

I also derive hope from all the community youth work organizers who have been in this work longer than I have. Their creativity in structures that run counter to the leadership development of young people makes me refuse to see the tunnel vision with which academia portrays it. Seeing how strong, mutually beneficial research-practice partnerships engage communities of practice is a step in the right direction for the educational change scholarship.  

References

Dumas, M. J., & Ross, K. M. (2016). “Be real black for me” imagining BlackCrit in education. Urban Education, 51(4), 415–442.

German, C., & Franklin-Phipps, A. (2026). Speculating Black Educational Futures: Wit(h)nessing Interviews Through Politics of Knowing. Special Issue. Reconceptualizing Educational Research Methodology (under review).

German, C., Smith, S. L., Berard, L., & Wilkerson, R. (2026). Fugitive Mentorship and Cultivating Expansive Futures: A Collaborative Autoethnography by Black Student Union Advisors. Current Issues in Education, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.14507/cie.vol27iss1.2384

German, C., Nguyen, L., Joyner, J., Samuel, C., Johnson, A. (2026). Creatively Investing in Today’s Changemakers: Setting a YPAR Precedent for Empowered Student Leadership in Our Black Student Union. Journal of Participatory Research Methods. (under review) 

Miller, I. A. (2026a). Refuge from The Weather: An Organizational Autoethnography about Black Male Administrator Fugitive Space. Equity & Excellence in Education, 1–17. https://doi-org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1080/10665684.2026.2614956

Miller, I. A. (2026b). Historicizing the Equity Director Position: Black Community Advocacy by an Intergroup Relations Specialist. Journal of School Leadership, 36(1), 21–45.

Reed, E., German, C., Geraghty, P., Brown, K., & Carmichael, J. (2025). Editorial Introduction: Reflecting on Our Shared Educational Futures: A Global Need to Belong for Transformative Learning. Current Issues in Education, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.14507/cie.vol26iss2.2475.

Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: The Lead the Change Interview with Paul Campbell

In the first part of this month’s Lead the Change (LtC) interview, Dr. Paul Campbell discusses his experiences researching educational change, leadership, and policy. Campbell is an Assistant Professor of Educational Administration and Leadership at The University of Hong Kong and President-Elect of the International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement (ICSEI). His research focuses on how diverse approaches to knowledge production and research engagement shape reform, and offer new ways for understanding what it means to lead, be a leader, and exercise leadership. Dr. Campbell is a recipient of the Emerging Scholar Award. The LtC series is produced by co-editors Dr. Soobin Choi and Dr. Jackie Pedota and their colleagues at the Educational Change Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association. A PDF of the fully formatted interview will be available on the LtC website.

Lead the Change (LtC): The 2026 AERA Annual Meeting theme is “Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: Constructing a New Vision for Educational Research.” This theme calls us to consider how to leverage our diverse knowledge and experiences to engage in futuring for education and education research, involving looking back to remember our histories so that we can look forward to imagine better futures. What steps are you taking, or do you plan to take, to heed this call? 

Paul Campbell: The 2026 AERA theme invites us to remember the histories that have shaped our field while imagining futures that are more inclusive, equitable, and transformative. My scholarship begins with the belief that we cannot imagine new futures without first acknowledging the epistemic closures of the past. Educational leadership and change have long been dominated by Anglo-American traditions, privileging certain ways of knowing while marginalising others. To move forward, we must confront this history directly and commit to advancing epistemic diversity.

Source: The University of Hong Kong website

In my recent paper with Sefika Mertkan (Campbell & Mertkan, 2025), we argue that while geographical diversification of scholarship is a foundational step, it is insufficient on its own. What is more critical is epistemic diversity; the recognition and mobilisation of multiple epistemological traditions. This requires interrogating who produces knowledge, what epistemologies are applied, how knowledge is circulated and cited, and whose voices are solicited. As we wrote, “advancing epistemic diversity is more critical than geographical diversification in liberating the educational leadership knowledge base from the Anglo-American hegemony.” Remembering this history of epistemic dominance is essential if we are to imagine futures where pluriversal perspectives thrive. Only then can new possibilities emerge for how we understand the nature and purpose of leading educational change, and only then can more just realities for learners and communities thrive.

My work also examines how supranational discourses shape our understanding of leaders, leading, and leadership in policy, research, and practice. In ‘Leadership for Learning: A Policy Analysis of the GEM Report 2024’ (Campbell & Sum, 2026), Nicola Sum and I show how global accountability frameworks often fail to take local realities into account. By applying a leadership-for-learning lens, we highlight pathways to reimagine futures where global frameworks are translated into contextually responsive practices. This reflects a desire to bridge histories of epistemic dominance with futures of inclusive, situated knowledge.

Taken together, this body of work reflects both optimism and frustration. Optimism, because there are genuine opportunities to rethink how educational change is understood and enacted. Frustration, because leaders are often positioned within policy-saturated environments that constrain their agency, and because knowledge production practices too often reproduce dominant paradigms rather than center the voices of educators and leaders themselves. The increasingly complex realities facing school leaders, shaped by global norms and demands, local contexts, and broader socio-political realities, require us to rethink not only what leadership and change are, but also how we study and support them.

Heeding the call of the 2026 AERA theme, therefore, means committing to a dual task: remembering the exclusions and closures of the past, while actively constructing futures that are plural, inclusive, and transformative. My scholarship seeks to contribute to this by interrogating the structures that sustain epistemic hegemony, amplifying diverse voices and thinking, and reimagining leadership and the leadership of educational change as a relational, educative, and contextually grounded practice. In doing so, I hope to support a field of educational change that is globally relevant and locally meaningful; one that ultimately serves the needs of students, educators, and communities in more just, equitable, and necessarily diverse ways.

LtC: What are some key lessons that practitioners and scholars might take from your work to foster better educational systems for all students?

PC:  “I’m working on the margins in order to shake the core” was how one principal, in my study of principals’ life histories in relation to education reform, described the theme of their professional life and work. This articulation captures the complex realities of how leaders, their leadership, and change are positioned within systems, and the consequences this has for the enactment and possibilities of educational change. From this and related work, several lessons emerge for both scholars and practitioners.

Collaboration must be understood as socially and culturally situated. In ‘Leading Collaborative Educational Change: A Critical Policy Analysis of Leadership and Governance in Hong Kong Schools’ (Campbell & Kam, 2026), I show how hierarchical traditions, accountability demands, and conflict avoidance complicate the intentions and enactment of collaboration. Principals navigate tensions between policy ideals and lived realities, revealing that meaningful collaboration requires relational trust, cultural sensitivity, and reflexive leadership. This highlights the participatory dynamics of collaboration: who is involved, how power is exercised, and how goals are negotiated. Collaboration cannot, therefore, be reduced to structural arrangements or compliance mechanisms; it must be cultivated through participatory processes that respect cultural norms and empower diverse voices.

Agency is central to reimagining leadership in complex systems. In ‘“I’m Working on the Margins in Order to Shake the Core”: Educational Leadership, Agency, and the Reimagining of the Principalship’ (Campbell & Kam, 2026), principals describe how they enact agency through temporal, experiential, and relational dynamics. The agency framework articulated in this work, temporal (drawing on reform histories and aspirations), experiential (learning through practice and mentorship), and relational (building trust and mobilising communities) dynamics, offers a lens for understanding how leaders navigate, reinforce, or resist systemic constraints. For scholars, this challenges dominant conceptions of leaders’ positioning within and against system structures and constraints, and for leaders and educators in sites of practice, it underscores the need to support leaders in exercising agency within, with, and against systemic structures.

Organisational and socio-cultural dynamics must also be foregrounded. Accountability regimes, governance arrangements, and resource allocation shape the possibilities for collaboration and agency. At the same time, socio-cultural dynamics, comprised of hierarchical traditions, community expectations, and cultural dispositions toward conflict avoidance, mediate how leadership is enacted. Leaders must constantly negotiate these forces, balancing compliance with innovation and authority with relational trust. For educators, this means recognising that leadership is enacted within layered organisational and cultural contexts. For scholars, it calls for analyses that move beyond abstract models to examine how leadership is lived and contested in specific contexts.

Innovation in processes of change must also be conceptualised as situated and contested. In ‘Conceptualizing Innovation in Education: Implications for School Leadership and Change’ (Campbell et al., 2026), our editorial team and authors identified five themes requiring consideration for the leadership of innovation: innovation as relational, leadership as enabler or constraint, tensions between policy and practice, supportive cultures, and equity. Innovation is not a neutral construct; it reflects power relations and dominant epistemologies. For policymakers and professionals in sites of practice, this means developing organisational cultures of trust and inclusion. For scholars, it requires interrogating whose knowledge is valued and how innovation intersects with equity and justice.

Together, these insights highlight that educational change is shaped by participatory dynamics, organisational structures, socio-cultural contexts, and the agency of leaders. To reach better systems for all students, we must support leaders as active agents of change who navigate this dynamic complexity and are appropriately prepared and supported to do so.

LtC: What do you see the field of Educational Change heading, and where do you find hope for this field for the future?

PC: Despite persistent challenges, and what seems like a relentless intensification of complexity in education systems, I find hope in several directions.

First, epistemic diversity. Scholars are increasingly interrogating citational practices, editorial structures, and epistemic injustices, creating space for alternative epistemologies to shape the theoretical core of our fields. This movement holds promise for dismantling universalist narratives and cultivating pluriversal perspectives. It also signals a shift toward valuing multiple ways of knowing and being, and toward scholarship that is globally open but locally meaningful.

Second, leadership is reframed as educative, relational, and political. By moving beyond managerial and compliance-driven framings, we can reimagine school leaders as agents of justice, democratic ideals, and community empowerment. My work with school leaders in Hong Kong demonstrates that even within high-accountability systems, leaders exercise agency to sustain trust, adapt practices, and preserve professional identity. These acts of agency, often enacted “on the margins,” provide seeds of transformation that can “shake the core” of entrenched structures. They remind us that leadership is so much more than positional authority; it is a practice of agency, enacted through relationships and values.

Third, innovation as relational and inclusive. As our editorial in School Leadership & Management (Campbell, MacGregor & Sum, 2026) argued, innovation must be understood as a situated process of change rather than a discrete product. It is inherently political, reflecting epistemologies, power relations, and assumptions about whose knowledge counts. Equity and inclusion cannot be treated as add-ons; they must be central to how innovation is defined, led, and legitimised. When innovation is framed this way, it becomes a vehicle for addressing systemic inequities and fostering cultures of collaboration. This is where I see the field heading: toward a more nuanced, contextually grounded, and justice-oriented understanding of educational change.

Fourth, collective capacity. Ultimately, my hope lies in the collective capacity of scholars, policymakers, and professionals in sites of practice to remember histories of exclusion, interrogate present structures of dominance, and imagine futures of inclusivity and equity. The provocations we posed in the editorial mentioned earlier, innovation as process, leadership as dilemma space, and innovation as political, are invitations to debate, but also to act. They call for research and practice that is conceptually plural, empirically grounded, and ethically serious.

By centering agency, collaboration, and epistemic diversity, educational change can become truly transformative. The future of the field depends on our willingness to embrace complexity, to resist reductive framings, and to cultivate leadership and change that are relational, inclusive, and equity-oriented. In this, I find hope: that even amid constraints, leaders and scholars can work on the margins to shake the core and, in doing so, reimagine futures that are more just and humane.

References

Campbell, P. & Kam, Y. C. (2026). Leading Collaborative Educational Change: A Critical Policy Analysis of Leadership and Governance in Hong Kong Schools, Leadership and Policy in Schools, 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2026.2636612 

Campbell, P., Macgregor, S. & Sum, N. (2026). Editorial: Conceptualizing Innovation in Education: Implications for School Leadership and Change, School Leadership and Management, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2026.2631919

Campbell, P. & Sum, N. (2026). Leadership for Learning: A Policy Analysis of the Global Education Monitoring Report 2024 and Its Local Implications for School Leadership, Management in Education, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206261430580

Campbell, P. & Kam, Y. C. (2026). “I’m Working on the Margins in Order to Shake the Core”:  Educational Leadership, Agency, and the Reimagining of the Principalship, Journal of Educational Administration, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJEA-06-2025-0246

Campbell, P. & Mertkan, S. (2025). Geographical Diversification of Educational Leadership Research: Gaps in Our Understanding, Management in Education, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206251407030

Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: The Lead the Change Interview with David Osworth

In the first part of this month’s Lead the Change (LtC) interview, Dr. David Osworth discusses his experiences researching the intersections of educational policy and leadership for equity. Osworth is an Assistant Professor of Educational and Cultural Foundations at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. His research focuses on anti-LGBTQ+ policy, school discipline disparity, and neoliberal educational policy. The LtC series is produced by co-editors Dr. Soobin Choi and Dr. Jackie Pedota and their colleagues at the Educational Change Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association. A PDF of the fully formatted interview will be available on the LtC website.

Lead the Change (LtC): The 2026 AERA Annual Meeting theme is “Unforgetting Histories and Imagining Futures: Constructing a New Vision for Educational Research.” This theme calls us to consider how to leverage our diverse knowledge and experiences to engage in futuring for education and education research, involving looking back to remember our histories so that we can look forward to imagine better futures. What steps are you taking, or do you plan to take, to heed this call? 

David Osworth: My scholarship—both at AERA 2026 and beyond—critically examines oppressive structures in education through a historical lens with the express intent of supporting progressive reform that is humanizing and liberatory. I do this, for example, in my recent scholarship on the political hostility toward LGBTQ+ communities. In a critical policy analysis of anti-transgender legislation in North Carolina, I situate the present hostility toward transgender communities against the backdrop of the histories of LGBTQ+ communities within the United States over the 20th century (Osworth & Edlin, 2025). This focus on history not only allows us to understand the current political moment as form of retrenchment (see McQuillan et al., 2022) but also provides a road map to highlight resistance movements that have found purchase in the struggle for equity and how to learn from those strategies to inform present-day policies and politics. 

Source: University of North Carolina at Greensboro website

While this is a throughline of my scholarship, it is exemplified by the work I am presenting at this year’s annual conference. Continuing my work surrounding LGBTQ+ issues in education, I am presenting from a larger study on LGBTQ+ educational leaders. This study examines the experiences of 23 LGBTQ+ educational leaders from across the United States as they navigate the current political climate. In this paper, I specifically examine how support—or a lack of support—plays a role in how LGBTQ+ leaders navigate their work. The findings of this paper are set against the history of LGBTQ+ educators in the United States. This paper concludes by outlining how leaders envision the future for other LGBTQ+ leaders and how schools can be made more supportive spaces for LGBTQ+ communities. 

Another presentation at this year’s annual conference also engages with history to interrogate the present state of charter schools in New Jersey. Building from previous work that conceptualizes charter schools as a form of racialized enclosure that continues the neoliberal disinvest in public goods (Osworth & Tanner, 2025), my coauthors and I present a spatial analysis of charter schools using census data. We find that charter schools in New Jersey are almost exclusively located in geographies that are urban, lower-income, and predominantly serve non-white families. We situate this finding within the work of Marxist and racial capitalism scholars. We underscore that this exploitative pattern of charter proliferation in the state is directly ties to the history of federal redlining and opportunity hoarding of affluent, white communities (Cashin, 2021; Rothstein, 2017). 

LtC:What are some key lessons that practitioners and scholars might take from your work to foster better educational systems for all students?

DO: My work aims to take a critical and interdisciplinary approach to educational research. I think that this is a major takeaway for the field as well as a commitment of the Educational Change SIG. In my recent work on school takeover in a rural school district, I interviewed Parents to better understand how they experienced the State’s intervention (Osworth, 2025, 2024). In this study, parents’ experiences illuminated counter-narratives about the takeover and complicated the State’s narrative about its progress. I think that these studies encapsulate a major takeaway from my scholarship as a whole. If we want to implement and enact change that meets the needs of the communities our schools serve, those communities must be included in the process. Too often, changes in our educational system relegate parents and communities to the periphery in the planning process while simultaneously relying on them to help implement the latest reforms. The findings from my scholarship point toward this reality. While the state education agency may say it includes parent feedback, parents’ experiences point in the opposite direction and demonstrate that trust and goodwill were destroyed in the process.

Scholars and practitioners in educational change should therefore look toward centering community and family knowledge in the process of planning for change—not simply relegating them to be a tool to leverage in the journey for change. This moves from a more transactional view toward a more community-engaged and dialogic approach (see Freire, 1970/2018). My scholarship draws on the work of critical philosophers and thinkers, and I believe that those engaged in educational change need to prioritize the use of these theories, as bell hooks (1994) called for, making theory the cornerstone of liberatory practice.

LtC: What do you see the field of Educational Change heading, and where do you find hope for this field for the future?

DO: More than ever, the field of educational change must remain firmly grounded in a commitment to equity. Current resistance to diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts disproportionately affects individuals from non-dominant identity groups, including—but not limited to—those marginalized by ability, socioeconomic status, gender, language, race, and sexuality. This contemporary moment of retrenchment (see Crenshaw, 1988) poses significant obstacles to efforts aimed at fostering socially just learning environments for all students. I view both my own scholarly work and the broader field as continuing to advance a justice-centered agenda—one that prioritizes the well-being of children and works toward realizing the democratic ideals upon which public education is founded.

At the same time, I am energized by the possibilities for engaging in theoretically robust scholarship within educational change. Concerns are often raised about a perceived disconnect between theory and practice, or about theory-driven research that lacks practical applicability. Yet I see the field at an especially promising juncture for meaningful praxis. Critical theoretical frameworks that offer important analytical tools for addressing today’s equity challenges also explicitly call for action. What is particularly compelling is the opportunity to pursue intellectually rigorous work that simultaneously informs how we act upon research insights. As educators and scholars continue to confront the complex, “wicked” problems facing education, it will be essential to do so through collaborative, community-engaged approaches that integrate theory and practice in purposeful ways. As we respond to the current political moment, I hope to see the field of educational change to keep these commitments to diversity, equity, and inclusion as political pressure continues to mount for us to abandon these lines of inquiry and practice.

References

Cashin, S. (2021). White space, Black hood: Opportunity hoarding and segregation in the age of inequality. Beacon Press. 

Crenshaw, K. (1988). Race, reform, and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law. Harvard Law Review, 101(7), 1331-1387.

hooks, b. (1993). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. Routledge.

Freire, P. (1970/2018). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Bloomsbury. 

McQuillan, M. T., Eckes, S., Lewis, M. (2022). A solution in search of a problem: Justice demands more for trans student-athletes to fulfill the promise of Title IX. Marquette Sports Law Review, 33(1), 195-228.

Osworth, D. (2024). Cooperation or conquest: A case study of school takeover. Power and Education, 18(1), 50-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/17577438241304391 

Osworth, D. (2025). “Prepare yourself for the change”: Counternarratives of parents experiencing state takeover. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2025.2601552 

Osworth, D. & Edlin, M. (2025). The Political Construction of Anti-Transgender Policy: A Critical Policy Analysis of North Carolina State Legislators’ Discursive Formations. Journal of Queer and Trans Studies in Education, 2(2). 1-11. https://doi.org/10.60808/ren9-ak07

Osworth, D. & Tanner, M.N. (2025). From public good to private gain: Charter schools and the racialized enclosure of public education. The Urban Review, 57(4), 833-854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-025-00744-w 

Rothstein, R. (2017). The color of law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. Liveright Publishing Company.

Contesting Educational Accountability Across Contexts: An Interview with Luis Felipe de la Vega and Claudia Carrasco-Aguilar

How can we build accountability systems that strengthen professional responsibility, social participation, and equity? That is one of the critical questions that Luis Felipe de la Vega and Claudia Carrasco-Aguilar discuss in this interview about their new edited book Contesting Educational Accountability Research: Cross-National Dialogues on Quality and Equity (Springer 2026). The book includes comparative research on the implementation and effects of accountability systems in countries like Brazil, Chile, Italy, Honduras, South Africa, Spain and Sweden. Chapter 1 — “Performative Accountability: A Close Examination of a Dominant Model”– is available open access.  De la Vega is a researcher at  Bernardo O’Higgins University in Santiago, Chile and Carrasco-Aguilar is a researcher at the University of Malaga in Spain. AI was used to assist in the translation of this interview from Spanish into English.

For other IEN posts related to accountability, see School Networks, Accountability and Improvement in Scotland, Northern Ireland, England, and Chile; Accountability in Decentralized Systems: Rethinking How We Evaluate Schools; Do Charter Schools in Colombia Provide Sufficient Accountability and Choice?; and School Inspections in Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability.

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IEN: Why this book? Why now? 

Luis Felipe de la Vega & Claudia Carrasco-Aguilar:  We have been analyzing accountability mechanisms in education for several years. Our analysis of the research findings has revealed a significant consensus regarding the implementation and outcomes of the “market-based,” “performance-based,” or “high-stakes” model. While these models have moderate or minor positive effects on improvement processes, they also have negative effects at the system, institutional, and stakeholder levels. Despite this consensus, the adoption of this type of accountability as a strategy for improving systems has continued to spread worldwide.

We investigated how and why some countries incorporated components of this mechanism into their institutional design to understand this phenomenon. We also identified alternative strategies that aim to recognize other ways of conceiving or using accountability. These strategies may be effective and beneficial for educational communities and/or have fewer negative implications for their stakeholders. In short, while accountability can allow for greater transparency and collective, citizen-led monitoring of educational processes, it also places significant pressure on schools, as if continuous improvement were solely the responsibility of schools and their teachers. Globally, educational accountability appears intertwined with market models, where families and communities demand that schools act as service providers and assume the role of customers rather than as true collective learning communities. We find ourselves in a globally polarized era, where the common good and shared responsibilities are overshadowed by a focus on individual gain.

In a context marked by discourses promoting competitiveness and mistrust at every level, it is important to reinforce the idea that positive improvement processes in education occur more naturally through collaboration and a deep, shared sense of purpose. The data support the need to develop accountability mechanisms grounded in education that align with societal expectations of educational systems.

IEN: What are some of the key similarities and differences in the accountability approaches used by the countries you and your colleagues have written about? 

LFV & CCA: The book has helped confirm a significant trend toward incorporating performative accountability mechanisms in different parts of the world. Two decades ago, literature analyzing this strategy focused predominantly on the U.S. context and always took a critical tone. Over the years, however, we have observed growing interest in other regions, such as Latin America, Africa, and Europe. Furthermore, some countries that have long upheld an ethos of trust, such as Sweden, have also begun to incorporate these mechanisms. In general, significant similarities can be observed in these cases. Beyond distinctions in prioritized data, strategies, or associated consequences, there is a trend toward homogenizing an approach that aims to improve educational outcomes through accountability mechanisms. This strategy is often accompanied by a market-driven education system that confuses the public by blurring the lines between empowerment and clientelism. Educational standardization, high-stakes assessments, and the idea that students’ learning outcomes depend solely on the quality of teaching in schools seem to be creating a high-pressure system that is spreading worldwide. In many of the cases presented in this book, we see that educational accountability dissociates schools from their social context. It holds educational leaders and teachers responsible for students’ academic outcomes and obscures the role of social inequalities and injustices.

Nevertheless, the book includes South Africa as an example of how accountability strategies based on different principles, such as culturally responsive assessment, can successfully promote relevant educational goals. Additionally, the debate on performative accountability has been accompanied by alternative proposals demonstrating various accountability approaches. However, these have not clearly established themselves or moved beyond being good practices or promising experiences. It is interesting to consider why this is the case. The book puts forward some hypotheses on this matter.

IEN: What else did you learn while producing this book that you didn’t know before? 

LFV & CCA: We learned many things, but one of the most important was that the discussion about performative accountability isn’t just about its use as a technical tool. Rather, it reflects a broader discussion about accountability in education and its ethical, political, and educational implications. Accountability systems reflect not only how education systems conceive of their own improvement but also their priorities for day-to-day operations. 

So, two things happen. First, many researchers in education quickly reached a consensus that performative accountability is educationally counterproductive because it clashes with pedagogical logic and sensibilities. It makes it difficult for stakeholders to address the challenges communities identify as essential and fosters a competitive logic. This leads to mistrust and a lack of collaboration within the system. Second, despite this consensus, it has not been possible to build a sufficiently robust foundation to generate alternatives capable of competing with performative logic. In this regard, despite notable and interesting case studies, there is significant criticism of those who have promoted these proposals.

Another key insight is the importance of comparative research. This book introduces vastly different settings and contexts from various continents. The significant socio-geographical diversity involved makes this phenomenon particularly striking. Here, we observe the rise of market-driven education and its influences as they are culturally adapted. Clearly, researching educational accountability in Europe is not the same as doing so in the Global South. This book details both the differences and similarities between the two. Thus, we have learned about the power of local contexts in translating educational policies designed at the global level and how the performativity of these policies can be observed in these translations despite the influence of supranational bodies. In simple terms, performative accountability reshapes and transforms subjectivities, identities, and cultural realities that may appear similar at first glance but possess highly complex differences when analyzed in greater detail. These differences enable movements of opposition and resistance and may help us understand possible alternatives to these forms of accountability in the future, moving toward a more social form of accountability.

Luis Felipe de la Vega Rodríguez
Claudia Lorena Carrasco Aguilar

IEN: What are some of the key implications for policy and practice? 

LFV & CCA: From a systemic perspective, the discussion on accountability should address its meaning and contribution to comprehensive educational improvement. Although the discussion of which test is best or what a certain score implies may be relevant, it does not address how each actor or institution can contribute to helping the education system and students achieve our envisioned goals. 

Having strong accountability mechanisms does not mean having harsh ones. Alternative proposals can be equally rigorous in analyzing the extent to which we fulfill our responsibilities to achieve those goals. If educational processes have eliminated violence as a form of correction over many years, then educational principles that promote collective and institutional learning should be established as the foundation for improvement processes. This implies that we must consider other types of accountability relationships, including greater opportunities for peer collaboration among individuals and institutions and creating spaces for dialogue across levels of the education system. These spaces should not be solely marked by the possibility of sanctions but rather reflect a commitment to jointly seeking solutions to educationally relevant problems.

A fair accountability system holds everyone accountable, not just schools. However, the consequences should promote collective learning rather than punishment. Ultimately, what happens in a classroom is the result not only of a teacher’s actions, but also of their school, district, state, and other collaborating institutions. If we all have responsibilities, we should all take ownership of them. In that case, a system based solely on punishment loses meaning, making collaboration more logical.

IEN: What else have you learned about accountability since writing that book? 

LFV & CCA: As authors, we have learned that educational accountability is much more ambiguous and contentious than is typically assumed in public policy discourse. Our comparative studies and theoretical review show that accountability does not have a single form but rather takes on multiple configurations that answer different questions: What should be accounted for? To whom? For what purposes, and through what mechanisms?  When these questions are answered from a technical or administrative perspective, accountability tends to be reduced to measurement, control, and sanctions. However, when answered from an educational perspective, accountability can become an instrument of reflection, improvement, and shared responsibility.

Another important finding is that the global dominance of the performance-based model has had deeper consequences than previously thought in terms of not only outcomes, but also school culture and teaching practice. In many contexts, systems based on standardized tests, rankings, and incentives have reinforced competitive dynamics, narrowed the curriculum, and shifted the focus from educational processes to indicators. Assessment and accountability are not inherently negative; rather, design matters, and certain formats can undermine what they seek to improve, especially in contexts of inequality.

We have also learned that the effects of accountability are not universal but depend heavily on context. The chapters in the book demonstrate that the same policies can generate different results based on the education system’s history, level of institutional trust, regulation of teaching work, and social structure. This calls into question the idea that certain models can be considered transferable without adaptation. It compels us to view educational accountability as a context-specific framework designed according to each system’s actual capabilities and the goals pursued.

Based on this information, the most relevant open-ended question for us is how to build forms of accountability that strengthen professional responsibility, social participation, and a commitment to equity, rather than being limited to external control. Reviewed evidence suggests the most promising approaches combine evaluation and collaboration, incorporate community voices, and view accountability as part of education’s public mission, not just an obligation to report. Thus, the future challenge is not to set accountability aside but to shift it from a culture of surveillance to a culture of shared responsibility oriented toward educational improvement.

We believe this requires significant effort from academic and political perspectives, which is why partnerships are needed to drive progress. As academics, we must ask ourselves why our robust evidence is not sufficiently impacting decision-making and consider how we can improve.

Why Is Meaningful Educational Change So Difficult to Achieve? The Re-Educated Podcast with Goutham Yegappan and Thomas Hatch

What if the most important part of education is learning how to live with uncertainty? That’s the question that Goutham Yegappan pursues in the 8th season of his Re-Educated Podcast. In the latest episode, he discusses these issues with IEN Editor Thomas Hatch, who highlights the multi-layered problems that make it so difficult to improve schools on a large-scale. For previous interviews, see “Thomas Hatch on The Education We Need and the Future We Can’t Predict” Getting Smart podcast (2021); “What Type of Education Do We Need for a Future We Can’t Predict?The Getting Unstuck Podcast (2021); Mapping New York City’s ‘School Improvement Industry’ CPRE’s Research Minutes Podcast.

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Thomas Hatch on the Re-Educated Podcast with Goutham Yegappan (YouTube video); Spotify: Apple Podcasts

02:10 – Thomas Hatch’s Path into Education Research

06:45 – Understanding the History of Education Reform

12:30 – Why Promising Reforms Often Fail & The Complexity of Systemic Change 

18:40 – The Architecture of Education Systems

24:55 – The Challenge of Scaling Innovation

31:10 – Policy, Practice, and the Classroom Reality

37:20 – Accountability and Its Unintended Consequences

43:35 – Improvement Science and Systemic Change

49:15 – Rethinking School Reform for the Future

55:10 – Lessons for Educators and Policymakers

58:30 – Closing Reflections

Foundations for Lasting Educational Change: Lead the Change Interviews from the American Educational Research Association

This week IEN is highlighting Lead the Change’s post featuring this years presenters in their Educational Change SIG sessions. This year’s 10 sessions highlight different contexts, perspectives, and methodological approaches to educational change. The issue features a small slice of the symposia and paper presenters. This post includes presenters from the session titled: “Foundations for Lasting Equity and Transformation: Policy, Organizations, and Professional Practice.”  These interviews are part of the Lead the Change series produced by Series Co-Editors Jackie Pedota & Soobin Choi and colleagues from AERA’s Educational Change Special Interest Group. The full interviews can be found on the LtC website

group photo

Faculty Cluster Hiring as a Catalyst for Racial Equity in Academic Departments — Román Liera (RL) Montclair State University, Rosa M. Acevedo (RM) University of Pittsburgh, Baili Park (BP) University of Pittsburgh, Aireale J. Rodgers (AR)
University of Wisconsin – Madison, Heather McCambly (HM) University of Pittsburgh

Dr. Román Liera
Dr. Heather McCambly 
Dr. Aireale J. Rodgers
Baili Park, M.A. 
Dr Rosa Maria Acevedo

Lead the Change (LtC): What are some ideas that you hope the field of Educational Change and the audience at AERA can learn from your work to inform policy and practice?

RL, RM, BP, AR & HM: In an increasingly hostile sociopolitical climate that actively defunds and undermines racial equity efforts, university-based faculty cluster hiring (FCH), designed to recruit faculty cohorts around shared research themes to advance interdisciplinarity and diversity, has not been immune to anti-DEI backlash. Drawing on the modes of reproduction framework (Anderson & Colyvas, 2021), our analysis examines how whiteness is animated and potentially disrupted at the department level within FCH implementation. By tracing inequitable outcomes to their sources, whether exclusionary criteria, departmental values, or individual racial schemas, we illuminate the specific sites where racialized mechanisms operate.

Our work suggests that the field of Educational Change must recognize that sustainable, equity-focused transformation requires more than rhetorical commitment or effective hiring practices. Institutional change agents must attend to the institutional routines that reproduce whiteness even within well-intentioned initiatives. Practically, this means embedding equity-minded evaluation criteria into formal policies, creating accountability structures, and designing post-hire support rather than relying on faculty of color’s precarious labor (McCambly et al., 2025). Our findings underscore that equity innovations are vulnerable to co-optation without sustained investment in the structural conditions that enable their flourishing. Lasting change requires dismantling the modes of reproduction that animate whiteness, not merely diversifying within them.


Middle Leaders and the Illusion of Reform: Unpacking Faux Comprehension and Pseudo-Understanding in Curriculum Change — Chun Sing Maxwell Ho (CH) The Education University of Hong Kong, Chiu Kit Lucas Liu (CL) The Education University of Hong Kong

Lucas Chiu-kit Liu 
Dr Chun Sing Maxwell Ho

Lead the Change (LtC): What are some ideas that you hope the field of Educational Change and the audience at AERA can learn from your work to inform policy and practice?

CH & CL: Meaningful educational change depends not only on policies, timelines, and accountability routines, but on the quiet, caring work middle leaders do with educators—checking understanding, building trust, and creating safe spaces to question and refine practice. 

When care is replaced by tight control and a chase for ‘efficiency,’ schools risk ‘faux comprehension’ among teachers, in which they appear aligned yet quietly prioritize their own aims (which is not necessarily problematic). When care gives way to hands-off optimism, schools drift into ‘pseudo-understanding,’ a sincere but flawed enactment sustained by vague goals and overconfidence. 

To move beyond surface-level claims of success, reform should adopt a dual learner-centered stance: student-centered (clear non-negotiables anchored in educational purpose) and teacher-centered (bounded autonomy, structured sensemaking cycles, and timely support and feedback). Attending to both learners surfaces misunderstandings early, aligns pedagogy with purpose, and yields an impact visible in students’ work and in teachers’ growth.
Drawing on Sengupta-Irving et al. (2023), we suggest situating the present in the context of the past as we struggle toward an imagined future. Our comrades in Black studies teach us that we find hope in deep study and struggle (Harney & Moten, 2013; Hartman, 2019; Kelley, 2018). Thus in the context of our symposium, we invite attendees to think with us about the particularities of present DEI and/or antiracist change efforts across higher education in the context of their historical emergence, while remaining them attuned to what the future of these change efforts must become to build a just system of higher education. Practicing how to design change efforts that stand the test of time demands explicit attention to multiple timescales, and we offer that as an important takeaway through our symposium.


The Role of Absorptive Capacity for ICT-knowledge management in schools: Does collaboration matter?
— Sandra Fischer-Schöneborn (SF) IU International University of Applied Sciences, Marcus Pietsch (MP) Leuphana University – Lueneburg, Chris Brown (CB) University of Southampton, Burak Aydin (BA) Ege University, Stephen W. MacGregor (SM) University of Calgary

Dr Sandra Fischer-Schöneborn
Chris Brown
Dr Stephen MacGregor

Lead the Change (LtC): What are some ideas that you hope the field of Educational Change and the audience at AERA can learn from your work to inform policy and practice?

SF, MP, CB, BA & SM: This study examined the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) -knowledge absorptive capacity (ACAP) for technology integration (TI) in schools. The aim was to contribute to the international debate on ACAP as a critical factor for organizational learning in schools and for the implementation of innovations in schools by integrating external knowledge generated in networks. 

Findings indicate (among others) that ICT ACAP has a positive effect on TI in schools and serves as a mediator in the relationship between external knowledge and TI. Additionally, the impact of ICT-ACAP on TI is contingent upon the presence and efficacy of knowledge-sharing mechanisms within the school, as well as the extent to which schools engage in collaborative efforts with competitors (known as coopetition). 

These results have implications for policymakers and educational leaders, who could prioritize building ACAP and fostering collaborative networks, such as research-practice partnerships or professional learning networks, to create more adaptable and innovative school environments. 


Leading Educational Change by Learning from Failure in Networks – Stephen W. MacGregor (SM) University of Calgary, Marcus Pietsch (MP) Leuphana University – Lueneburg, Sharon Friesen (SF) University of Calgary.

Dr. Stephen MacGregor
Dr. Sharon Friesen

Lead the Change (LtC): What are some ideas that you hope the field of Educational Change and the audience at AERA can learn from your work to inform policy and practice?

SM, SF, & MP: In our study of leaders implementing multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) for student mental health through a cross-sector network (MacGregor & Friesen, 2025), a consistent pattern was that most setbacks were not caused by “bad actors” but by process and capacity problems: fragmented implementation, weak data infrastructure, uneven rollout, and too much work for the available people and services, especially in rural communities. 

First, treat implementation as facilitation, not compliance. Leaders need time, authority, and routines to align the innovation, the people affected, and the local context, and to surface small failures early before they harden into routine. Second, build the infrastructure, including shared measures and data-aggregation pathways that enable schools to learn from patterns rather than anecdotes and to reduce duplication and drift. Third, protect purposeful risk. 

We saw little evidence of exploratory testing in MTSS, which signals a field squeezed by short funding cycles and public accountability. Create “safe-to-try” zones inside MTSS work: small pilots with explicit learning aims and rapid feedback. Networks can host this work by normalizing candid failure talk and turning it into collective problem-solving.

What Conditions Could Foster More Balanced School Experiences? Stability & Change in the Education System in China (Part 5)

Can the changing economic, political, and demographic conditions in China combine with growing concerns about students’ mental health and wellbeing to create a more balanced education system? Thomas Hatch explores this question in the final post in a series that shares his reflections on his conversations with Chinese educators and visits to Chinese schools over the past two years. The first post in this series explored some of the “niches of possibility” within the conventional Chinese curriculum and schedule that may foster the development of more student-centered approaches. The second post reviewed changes in educational policy in China that may have created some additional flexibility for schools to pursue innovative educational approaches and reinforced exam pressures at the same time. The third post discussed how one experimental school is trying to take advantage of AI to support students’ learning and development and the fourth considered recent efforts to respond to growing concerns about students’ mental health.

For other posts on education and educational change in China see “Boundless Learning in an Early Childhood Center in Shenzen, China;””Supporting healthy development of rural children in China: The Sunshine Kindergartens of the Beijing Western Sunshine Rural Development Foundation;” The Recent Development of Innovative Schools in China – An Interview with Zhe Zhang (Part 1 & Part 2);” “The Desire for Innovation is Always There: A Conversation with Yong Zhao on the Evolution of the Chinese Education System (Part 1 & Part 2);”“Surprise, Controversy, and the “Double Reduction Policy” in China;””Launching a New School in China: An Interview with Wen Chen from Moonshot Academy;”and ”New Gaokao in Zhejiang China: Carrying on with Challenges


The elite schools I visited in China demonstrate the kinds of innovative practices that can fit into the Chinese education system even with its exam-based focus and intense academic pressures. At the same time, the academic pressures continue to constrain any attempt to change instruction and spread more student-centered pedagogies on a wide scale. Although it seems that there may be no way out of the “trap” of increasing academic pressure, it’s also clear that the Chinese education systems has changed substantially over the past thirty years, in concert with significant developments in the demographic, economic, technological and political conditions in China.  These realities left me wondering: Could China leverage the changing societal conditions to create more balanced educational experiences for future generations of students?

Changing conditions in China over the past 30 years

In China, the massive expansion of education at every level, and particularly the growth in the number of university places could have helped to lessen some of the exam-based pressure on students. However, those developments took place along with the massive growth in the Chinese population to over 1.3 billion people by 2010. At the same time, almost 800 million people have lifted themselves out of poverty and China’s middle class, now the largest in the world, includes over 500 million people.  Even with the substantial increases in the number of colleges and universities, those developments mean that many more parents aspire to get their children into a handful of top institutions of higher education and many more students are competing for those limited places.

Further fueling the pressure is a substantial rural-urban divide, with students in rural areas experiencing much more difficult basic conditions and much less chance of getting a good education, getting a good score on the Gaokao, or getting into college. Although most villages had a primary school of some kind in the 1990’s, as birth rates fell and rural parents migrated to cities to take advantage of the economic opportunities, almost three-quarters of all primary schools – around 300,000 – were closed. As a consequence, some children have to travel long distances to school and others spend the school week at boarding schools, including what are estimated to be some 60 million “left-behind children” whose parents could not take them when they migrated to find work. As of 2015, there were about 100,000 boarding schools in rural China, with an estimated 33 million children living in them, including about 12% of primary school children and 50% of rural secondary school students. Crucially, the difficult conditions contribute to the gap between urban and rural students in high school completion and access to higher education. 

Recent changes in birth rates, employment, and college enrollment 

But conditions are changing again – fast. Births in China have now declined so much that the birth rate in 2023 was about half of what it was in 2015 only eight years earlier. The population decline in 2023 was also twice as large as it was in 2022, the first year the population dropped in 60 years. China’s economic growth has now slowed to one of its lowest rates in more than three decades; a real estate crisis has contributed to plunging house prices; and unemployment among youth has been so bad that in 2021 more than 70% of those 16 – 24 year-olds who were unemployed in Chinese cities had a college degree. By 2023, once the overall youth unemployment rate passed 21% China temporarily stopped reporting the figures. In 2024, with a new measure that excludes students, youth unemployment still stood at over 14%. At the same time, the expansion of higher education has continued while employment opportunities for post-secondary graduates have dropped. In 2024, only half of the 11.58 million graduates have gotten a job or gained admission to postgraduate study. Recognizing that problem, the Chinese government has encouraged universities to admit many more masters and doctoral students, leading enrollments in graduate programs to double between 2010 and 2021.

Number of total enrollments for graduate students (2010–2021). Graduate Education in China

Unfortunately, the glut of college graduates, in turn, has contributed to diminished job prospects for many of those who worked so hard for good grades and high scores on the Gaokao. As one researcher at China’s National Institute of Education Sciences put it, college graduates should lower their expectations and look for jobs in sectors such as food or parcel delivery; other reports claimed masters degree recipients were taking on jobs like trash collectors. These changing circumstances challenge the very idea that schools are a vehicle for upward social mobility As one joke puts it: “The mortgage is nearly 10 million, the spouse does not work, and the second child is studying abroad. This is simply the three things that will cause the middle class to fall back into poverty.” Given these developments, some researchers see a recent drop in the number of graduate school applicants as a “return to rationality” Perhaps, the latest generation of Chinese students are beginning to recognize that postgraduate study can no longer guarantee them a better job.  

Under these demographic and economic conditions, it’s possible to imagine scenarios where the seemingly inevitable increases in academic pressure and competition might subside somewhat. After years of urbanization that exacerbated the rural-urban gap in educational and economic prospects, a “reverse” migration and a redistribution of the population back to smaller cities and rural areas may be underway. Rural – urban migration had already slowed down before the COVID pandemic, and China’s statistics bureau reported that there were almost two and a half million fewer migrant workers in urban areas in 2021 than there were in 2019, with more migrants staying closer to home. That reversal has been aided by the development of the digital economy and opportunities for remote work as well as by longstanding restrictions that make it difficult, if not impossible for migrant workers to access housing, schooling for their children, and other benefits.  

Since 2012, the Chinese leadership has also made reducing the gap between urban and rural development a priority, and the government has supported investment in rural areas through a variety of policies. In 2015, for example, the General Office of the State Council of China issued the “Opinions on Supporting Migrant Workers and Others Returning to their Hometowns to Start Their Own Business” to encourage migrant workers, college students, and retired soldiers to return to their hometowns to start new businesses. in 2017 those efforts took off with the announcement of a “rural revitalization” strategy. That strategy seeks to make China self-sufficient in terms of food production and consumption and focuses on modernizing agriculture and rural areas by 2035. Policies and investments are designed to accomplish critical tasks like ensuring the grain supply, developing high-quality rural industries, increasing farmers’ incomes, and fostering a beautiful countryside. The strategy is encouraging a generation of “’new farmers,’ mostly well-educated young people with new ideas and skills,” to move from big cities to the countryside. In 2021, 1.6 million more people returned to the countryside than in 2019, with the government reporting that more than half of the entrepreneurial projects it supported focused on using livestreaming and other online methods to sell products. 

Taken together, these changes could encourage many more students and their families to stay where they are and to take advantage of the massive growth in higher education outside the major cities. With a decreasing population more distributed around the country there could be fewer students competing for an expanded number of places in colleges and universities. At the same time, if more youth recognize that academic competition is not yielding the access to elite universities or job prospects that previous generations expected – and they see that more studying does not necessarily lead to better results – academic pressure could subside further. 

New developments in curriculum, technology, and assessment?

A new set of curriculum standards and new textbooks may also help to fuel this shift, providing a policy context that can encourage many schools to pursue more student-centered learning. As one description of the changes put it, beginning in 2024 with the initial introduction of new textbooks, “compulsory education will enter a new era in which new curriculum standards, new textbooks, and new classrooms are mutually compatible, from the past ‘educating for scores’ and ‘educating for abilities’ to the comprehensive deepening of ‘educating people.’”

The new curriculum and textbooks continue to highlight the learning of subjects but promote a change in focus from “fragmented class objectives” to more integrated and systematic unit objectives, a new emphasis on the transfer and application of knowledge, and a transition from “practicing questions to solving problems.” The math textbook, for example, has added two “mini-projects” for each semester that are supposed to take up at least 3 lessons. The changes in the English textbooks create another niche of possibility for more interdisciplinary and student-centered learning by spending less time on grammar and organizing each unit around theme-based projects. Changes being made in the questions for the Gaokao to focus more on applications of knowledge and on problem-solving rather than on memorization could play an important part in this shift. 

Technological developments could also facilitate the development and spread of innovative practices by facilitating more personalized learning experiences and contributing to more powerful assessments. Although these new technologies and AI could be used to teach students more and more traditional content and skills more quickly, they could also help to make conventional instruction much more efficient. As the efforts of the teachers at the Suzhou Experimental Primary School demonstrated, AI could also create more space and time for student-centered learning experiences and to support the development of a much wider range of interests and abilities and student wellbeing. Of course, such technological development in schools depends on close cooperation between AI and tech companies and Chinese schools as well as the Chinese government’s continuing efforts to support digitization of schools and teaching in remote rural areas. 

As I have argued in “The power of condensing the curriculum,” all of these demographic, economic, political, technological and educational changes could create the opportunity and incentives to reduce the time spent on exam preparation and create more balanced school experiences. All of these are enormous “if’s,” however. Predicting generational attitudes, in particular, is far from an exact science and certainly not something to count on. As Yong Zhao, a well-known expert on educational change and China told me in my interview with him before my first trip, “China will not drop the Gaokao,” and taking the “tang ping” route for many is a risk that could have consequences like social isolation, diminished economic potential, and a lower standard of living. 

A perfect storm or just another typhoon? Changing society, changing beliefs, changing schools

In the end, real changes in the academic pressure, and expanding support for a wider range of abilities and student mental health and wellbeing in China, as in the US and education systems, depends on the “perfect storm” of changes in education policies, technologies, economic and demographic conditions, and changes in the deep-seated values and beliefs that sustain conventional school practices. 

As important as the Gaokao may be, by the time I left China I was convinced that the Gaokao is just an expression and manifestation of a basic belief that those who score the highest, those who work the hardest, deserve the riches they accumulate. In that sense, China may not be that different from the United States, where that same kind of belief in individual achievement sustains a highly inequitable system and the conventional modes of instruction and schooling it relies on. 

As Daniel Markovitz argues in The Meritocracy Trap, in the US, success in school and in life is generally seen as a product of an individual’s talent and effort. Similarly, failure – in terms of poor grades, the inability to get into a good college, get a good job, or make a good living – is often cast as a personal failing rather than a manifestation of systemic inequalities. From this perspective, those who score high on exams, secure admission to an elite college, become CEO’s or make billions of dollars deserve the rewards and riches they have attained. My conversations with many of my colleagues and many students in China seemed to echo these beliefs, as they noted that competitions and rankings, including the Gaokao, provide the best way to identify those who will be most successful despite the pressure and the problems it produces. Those beliefs also contribute to an internalization of failure and feelings of shame, with many students worrying that with poor performance in school or on the Gaokao they are letting their families down. 

Changing any education system depends on understanding the complex interplay of historical, geographic, demographic, economic, political, and cultural conditions that produced the schools, policies, and practices that operate today. But it also means confronting those conditions, while embroiled in them. We can look for leverage and open up opportunities for people to expand their views, question their values and beliefs, and develop alternative points of view that might support the emergence of new institutions, structures, and practices over time.  Perhaps these generational changes can support the emergence of a hybrid “East/West” approach to education that provides a better balance between a focus on academic achievement the development of a wider range of skills and students’ wellbeing.  

Could concerns about the academic pressure on students in China lead to real changes in conventional schooling? Stability & change in the education system in China (Part 4)

Can growing concerns about students’ mental health and wellbeing support the emergence of educational practices that combine a focus on academics with more student-centered pedagogies? In the fourth post of this five-part series, Thomas Hatch explores this question, prompted by his conversations with Chinese educators and visits to schools and universities in Beijing, Ningbo, and Dongguan. The first post in this series described the “niches of possibility” within the conventional Chinese curriculum and schedule where innovative schools are developing more student-centered approaches even within a heavily exam-based system. The second post discussed some of the changes in educational policies and regulations that created some flexibility within the system but may have contributed to academic pressures as well. The third post shared some examples of how teachers in a primary school in China are using AI to support students’ learning and engagement. The final post will discuss what can be learned from the ways that the Chinese education system has evolved over the past twenty-five years and how future changes could allow for the emergence of more student-centered instructional practices and more support for students’ wellbeing.

For other posts on education and educational change in China see “Boundless Learning in an Early Childhood Center in Shenzen, China;””Supporting healthy development of rural children in China: The Sunshine Kindergartens of the Beijing Western Sunshine Rural Development Foundation;” The Recent Development of Innovative Schools in China – An Interview with Zhe Zhang (Part 1 & Part 2);” “The Desire for Innovation is Always There: A Conversation with Yong Zhao on the Evolution of the Chinese Education System (Part 1 & Part 2);”“Surprise, Controversy, and the “Double Reduction Policy” in China;””Launching a New School in China: An Interview with Wen Chen from Moonshot Academy;”and ”New Gaokao in Zhejiang China: Carrying on with Challenges


When I arrived in China for the first time in May of 2025, it was already clear that education in China has changed, in numerous ways, both in the last 40 years and just in the last few years as well. As I detailed in the second post in this series, those changes have included the achievement of near universal enrollment through lower secondary school, dramatic increases in the number of students enrolling in college, and new policies and practices governing the Gaokao itself. But I heard over and over again that even with the many changes students today face significantly more academic pressure that previous generations. In the end, I’m left wondering: can the seemingly ever-increasing academic pressure in China increase demands – and opportunities – for developing a balanced education system that supports academic development as well as students’ overall wellbeing?

Academic pressure in China has gotten worse: The rise of “neijuan” and “tang ping”

I had only been in China a few days when several colleagues told me about the growth in the use of the terms “juan” and “tang ping.” “Juan,” when used in “Huā Juǎn/花卷” means “roll” as in a steamed bun known as a flower roll. But in recent years “juan” has been used to suggest that a person is being rolled in a washing machine the way we in the West might talk about being caught up “in the rat race,” constantly running like a rat on a spinning wheel. Yi-Ling Liu, writing in the New Yorker in 2021, linked the growth in the use of the term to a video showing a student from one of the top universities in China riding his bicycle and looking at his laptop at the same time. 

When I looked up “juan” online, I found a series of stories that explained that the term “nei juan” — represented by the characters for “inside” and “rolling” (内卷) and translated in English as “involution” – emerged as one the most popular Chinese words of 2020. The Chinese anthropologist Xiang Biao describes involution as a process of curling inward that can be considered the opposite of “evolution.” As he puts it, “neijuan” as an “endless cycle of self-flagellation,” in which people are trapped in a competition that everyone knows is meaningless. 

For students, it means that getting a high score on the Gaokao is not enough. It means that they also have to compete to get the highest possible grade point average and the most extensive resume. As explained in GPA is king: The prisoner’s dilemma for young people at China’s top universities: “Whether you can learn something or whether it is within your own interests is no longer the only evaluation criteria for engaging in activities. Its value on the resume must be considered. Therefore, this has become a kind of ‘roll’. In order not to fall behind classmates and fall into passivity, everyone has to fill their resumes as much as possible.” 

Over roughly the same period, the growth of the usage of “tang ping (躺平),” – translated literally as “lying flat” – represents a response to the pressure and the endless competition.  Supposedly, the movement began with a post on a social media site in April of 2021 where the user announced: “Lying flat is my wise movement. Only by lying down can humans become the measure of all things.” Since then, the use of “tang ping” has grown on social media as well, including in a series of posts in 2023 in which college graduates were photographed sprawled out in their commencement regalia. 

Photos from Chinese students graduating from college in 2023 Chinese college grads are ‘zombie-style’ on campus. Here’s why. Washington Post

In “China’s young ‘lie flat’ under social challenges,” Yao-Yuan Yeh explains that the term “describes the generations born in the late 1990s and 2000s who, disappointed by their lack of social mobility and economic stagnation, have decided not to strive for their futures.” One worker who embraced the term was quoted as saying: “According to the mainstream standard, a decent lifestyle must include working hard, trying to get good results on work evaluations, striving to buy a home and a car, and making babies. However, I loaf around on the job whenever I can, refusing to work overtime, not worrying about promotions, and not participating in corporate drama.”  

Interpretations of “tang ping” vary, however.  Some I spoke to used it to imply that students who checked out of classes or group activities were lazy or entitled and unwilling to do the work required of others. But “tang ping” also refers to those who drop out or disengage more as a form of resistance, a refusal to participate in the “roll” and “rat race” and all that they entail. Perhaps reflecting both interpretations at once, one survey of a nationally representative sample of adults in China found that, in general, “tang-ping related behaviors” were considered morally wrong, but they were considerable acceptable in scenarios where there was a low expectation that effort would be rewarded (such as working in a company that promised to pay performance bonuses but rarely did). 

Could growing concerns about student’s mental health and wellbeing create a better balance in Chinese schools?

Taken together, “neijuan” and “tang ping” illustrate an impossible choice for Chinese students – join in the endless competition for academic achievement or drop out and lie flat – without any guarantee that either will lead to a better life. Could this impossible choice propel innovation? Already, these growing pressures have contributed to the double reduction policy and greater attention to mental health. 

Although many parents in China have been reluctant to recognize or discuss problems of mental health, a widely cited survey from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2021 revealed that almost one out of four teenagers report depressive symptoms and a professor at the institute, Chen Zhiyan, said over one hundred studies over the past two decades reveal that mental health has gotten worse. A more recent survey from a Chinese think tank in 2023 also found that 26% of secondary school students said they have depressive symptoms once a week, 15% report symptoms twice a week or more. Media reports have also stated that over 7 million children between 4 and 16 suffer from mental or behavioral conditions and estimated that nearly 100,000 minors died from suicide annually. Anecdotally, clinics also report increased visits and hospitalizations, and an emergency psychological consultation hotline in Shanghai has seen a sharp rise in calls from students as well as parents seeking help for their children. 

In response, in 2020, the Chinese government introduced “depression assessments” as part of mandatory health screenings for high school students, and in 2021, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued a directive to strengthen professional support and scientific management, and strive to improve students’ mental health literacy.” Following that directive, the education authority in Beijing required primary and middle schools to incorporate mental health education in their curricula and to hire at least one dedicated counselor to address students’ psychological needs. In 2023, China established a National Advisory Committee for Students’ Mental Health to be “responsible for research, consultation, monitoring, evaluation, and scientific popularization of mental health work in universities, middle schools and primary schools across the country.” In addition, an official from the Chinese Ministry of Education declared “The whole of society has reached a consensus to strengthen the mental health education of students,” and the Ministry announced a series of guidelines to safeguard the mental health of young people. Key steps include:

  • Primary and secondary schools have to have at least one full-time or part-time teacher on mental health and universities are required to have at least two full-time psychology teachers.
  • Primary and secondary schools are encouraged to incorporate psychology courses into their curriculum, and universities are required to have compulsory courses on psychological health.
  • Counties need to conduct psychological evaluations at least once a year and establish mental health records for students from the senior levels of primary school and beyond, and universities are also expected to conduct mental health evaluations of all new students. 

The guidelines also reiterated key aims of the earlier double reduction policy and declared that “effective measures should be taken” to reduce homework and tutoring and to ensure students have two hours of physical exercise daily. The guidelines also noted that to ensure implementation, “students’ mental health will be taken into account when evaluating the work of provincial governments and administrators of all levels of schools.” As with changes to the Gaokao and the double reduction policies, the question is whether or not the pressure to change continues to grow.  Will the desire to support youth mental health and wellbeing continue to spread? Will educators and policymakers take advantage of this window of opportunity and extend and deepen these initial efforts? 

Next week – What Conditions Could Foster a More Balanced Education System? Stability & Change in the Education System in China (Part 5)